Amakuru - Ubuyobozi bwa DOWELL bwo Guhitamo Insinga ya Fiber ya Multimode Ikwiye

Guhitamo igikwiyeinsinga ya fibre y'uburyo bwinshini ingenzi cyane mu kunoza imikorere y'umuyoboro. Injeniyeri z'imiyoboro n'inzobere mu by'ikoranabuhanga bagomba gusobanukirwa itandukaniro riri hagati y'ubwoko butandukanye bw'insinga za fiber optique, nka OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4, na OM5. Buri bwoko butanga inyungu zidasanzwe mu bijyanye n'ubushobozi bwa bandwidth n'intera. Multimodeinsinga ya fibreSisitemu zitanga igisubizo gihendutse hamwe n'inzira yo kuvugurura kugeza kuri 100G, bigatuma ziba nziza cyane mu bikorwa bisanzwe by'inyubako. Mu gusuzuma ibikenewe mu miyoboro no kuringaniza ikiguzi n'imikorere, umuntu ashobora kwemeza ko insinga za fibre zizarinda ejo hazaza kandi zikora neza.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

Sobanukirwa ubwoko butandukanye bw'insinga za multimode fiber (OM1 kugeza OM5) kugira ngo uhitemo ikwiriye ibyo ukeneye kuri network yawe.
Suzuma witonze ibisabwa ku bushobozi bwo gukoresha interineti; insinga zo gukoresha interineti nyinshi nka OM4 na OM5 ni nziza ku miyoboro ifite ubushobozi bwo gukoresha interineti bwinshi.
Tekereza ku bushobozi bwo gukora intera iyo uhisemo insinga za fibre; amahitamo mashya nka OM3, OM4, na OM5 ashyigikira intera ndende neza.
Kuringaniza ikiguzi n'imikorere usuzuma ibyo umuyoboro wawe ukeneye ubu n'ibyo mu gihe kizaza; OM1 na OM2 ni ingengo y'imari iciriritse ku bikenewe.
Garagaza umuyoboro wawe mu gihe kizaza ushora imari mu nsinga nka OM4 na OM5, zitanga ubushobozi bwo kwaguka no guhuza ikoranabuhanga rishya.
KoreshaDowell's kugira ngo usuzume ibyo umuyoboro wawe ukeneye no gufata ibyemezo bifatika ku bijyanye no guhitamo insinga za fibre.

Gusobanukirwa Umugozi wa Fiber wa Multimode

Fiber ya Multimode ni iki?

Insinga za fiber za multimode zigira uruhare runini mu miyoboro igezweho yo koroshya itumanaho hagati y’intera ngufi. Zifite umurambararo munini w’imbere, ubusanzwe uri hagati ya mikorometero 50 na 62.5, bigatuma zishobora gutwara imirasire y’urumuri cyangwa uburyo bwinshi icyarimwe. Iyi miterere ituma insinga za fiber za multimode ziba nziza ku bidukikije nko mu bigo by’amakuru n’imiyoboro y’aho hantu (LANs), aho kohereza amakuru mu ntera ngufi ari ngombwa. Ubushobozi bwo kohereza inzira nyinshi z’urumuri icyarimwe butuma habaho kohereza amakuru neza, bigatuma iba amahitamo meza ku bikorwa remezo byinshi by’urusobe rw’amakuru.

Akamaro ka Multimode Fiber mu gukoresha interineti

Akamaro kafibre y'uburyo bwinshiInsinga mu miyoboro y'itumanaho ntishobora kurenza urugero. Itanga igisubizo gihendutse cyo kohereza amakuru mu ntera ngufi, cyane cyane mu nyubako cyangwa mu bigo. Insinga za fibre za multimode zikwiriye cyane LAN n'ibindi bikorwa remezo by'imiyoboro aho intera ari ngufi, kandi ibisabwa kuri bandwidth bikaba biri ku rugero ruciriritse. Mu gushyigikira inzira nyinshi z'urumuri, izi nsinga zitanga itumanaho ryizewe kandi rinoze, ari ingenzi mu gukomeza imikorere y'imiyoboro. Byongeye kandi, ingano nini y'insinga za fibre za multimode ituma byoroha kuyishyiraho no kuyibungabunga, birushaho kongera ubwiza bwayo mu bikorwa bitandukanye by'imiyoboro y'itumanaho.

Ubwoko bw'Insinga za Fiber za Multimode

Umugozi wa Fiber wa OM1 Multimode

Umugozi wa OM1 multimode fiber uhagarariye imashini za mbere za multimode fibre. Ufite ingano ya mikorometero 62.5, ushyigikira umuvuduko w'amakuru kugeza kuri 1 Gbps mu ntera ya metero 300. Ubu bwoko bw'umugozi bukwiriye ibipimo bya kera bya Ethernet kandi bukunze kuboneka muri sisitemu za kera. Nubwo OM1 itanga igisubizo gihendutse ku bikorwa byo mu ntera ngufi, ishobora kudahura n'ibisabwa n'imiyoboro ya none yihuta cyane. Uko ikoranabuhanga rigenda ritera imbere, imiryango myinshi itekereza kuvugurura imigozi mishya ya multimode fibre kugira ngo yongere imikorere no kurinda ibikorwa remezo byayo mu gihe kizaza.

Umugozi wa Fiber wa OM2 Multimode

OM2fibre y'uburyo bwinshiUmugozi urushaho kunoza ubushobozi bwa OM1 binyuze mu gutanga ingano ya mikorometero 50. Uku kunoza kwemerera OM2 gushyigikira igipimo cy'amakuru cya 1 Gbps mu ntera ndende, ikagera kuri metero 600. Ubushobozi bwiyongereye bw'intera butuma OM2 iba amahitamo meza ku bidukikije binini bya network, nko mu miyoboro ya kaminuza cyangwa mu bigo by'amakuru. Nubwo OM2 itanga imikorere myiza kurusha OM1, iracyari nke ugereranyije n'igipimo cy'amakuru kiri hejuru n'intera ndende ishyigikiwe n'insinga nshya za fiber za multimode nka OM3 na OM4.

Umugozi wa Fiber wa OM3 Multimode

Umugozi wa OM3 multimode fiber ugaragaza iterambere rikomeye mu ikoranabuhanga rya fiber optique. Wagenewe gushyigikira umubare munini w'amakuru n'intera ndende, bigatuma uba mwiza cyane ku mikoreshereze igezweho y'itumanaho. Ifite ingano ya mikorometero 50, OM3 ishobora gucunga umubare munini w'amakuru kugeza kuri 10 Gbps mu ntera ya metero 300 ndetse ikanashyigikira 40 Gbps na 100 Gbps mu ntera ngufi. Ubu bushobozi butuma OM3 iba amahitamo akunzwe cyane ku bigo by'amakuru n'ibidukikije by'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho. Imiterere ya OM3 ikozwe neza na laser ituma amakuru yoherezwa neza, igatanga igisubizo gikomeye ku bigo bishaka kuvugurura ibikorwa remezo byabyo.

Umugozi wa Fiber wa OM4 Multimode

OM4uburyo bwinshiInsinga ya fibre iragaragaza iterambere rikomeye ugereranyije n’izayibanjirije. Ifite ingano ya mikorometero 50, isa na OM3, ariko itanga imikorere myiza. OM4 ishyigikira igipimo cy’amakuru kugeza kuri 10 Gbps mu ntera ya metero 550, bigatuma ikwirakwira mu ntera yihuta cyane. Ubu bushobozi bugera kuri 40 Gbps na 100 Gbps mu ntera ngufi, butanga uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha porogaramu zitandukanye. Ubushobozi bwo kwiyongera bwa bandwidth n’intera bituma OM4 iba amahitamo meza ku bigo by’amakuru n’imiyoboro y’ibigo bisaba imikorere myiza n’ubwizerwe. Mu guhitamo OM4, ibigo bishobora kurinda ibikorwa remezo byabyo mu gihe kizaza, bikanagaragaza ko bihuye n’ikoranabuhanga rishya kandi ko bisaba igipimo cy’amakuru kiri hejuru.

Umugozi wa Fiber wa OM5 Multimode

Insinga ya OM5 multimode fiber izanye urwego rushya rw'imikorere hamwe n'ubushobozi bwayo bwa broadband. Yagenewe gushyigikira uburebure bwinshi bw'umuraba, OM5 yemerera umubare munini w'amakuru no kongera umurambararo w'amakuru. Iri terambere rituma OM5 iba nziza ku bikorwa bisaba kohereza amakuru yihuta cyane mu ntera ndende. Ingano y'ibanze iguma kuri mikorometero 50, ariko ubushobozi bwo gucunga uburebure bwinshi butandukanya OM5 na verisiyo za mbere. Iyi mikorere yemerera kohereza amakuru neza, bigabanya gukenera ishoramari ryinshi ry'ibikorwa remezo. Kuba OM5 ihuye n'ikoranabuhanga rishya bituma imiyoboro ikomeza kwaguka no guhuza n'ibyo isabwa mu gihe kizaza. Ku bigo bishaka kongera ubushobozi bw'umuyoboro wabo, OM5 itanga igisubizo gikomeye gihuza imikorere n'uburyo ihendutse bwo gukoresha amafaranga.

Gusuzuma ibyo umuyoboro ukeneye hamwe na Dowell

Gusobanukirwa ibyo umuyoboro ukeneye ni ingenzi mu guhitamo insinga ikwiye ya fiber. Dowell atanga ubumenyi mu gusuzuma ibyo bikenewe neza.

Ibisabwa kuri Bandwidth

Umuyoboro w'itumanaho (bandwidth) ugira uruhare runini mu kugena insinga ya fiber ikwiye. Imiyoboro ifite serivisi nyinshi zo kohereza amakuru ikenera insinga zishyigikira umuyoboro w'itumanaho mwinshi.Fiber ya OM4 Multimodeitanga uburyo bwo kugera ku makuru menshi kandi buri hejuru, bigatuma ikoreshwa neza mu bigo binini by’amakuru n’imiyoboro ifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru. Ijyanye n’amahame agezweho yo gukoresha interineti nka 40GBASE-SR4 na 100GBASE-SR10, bigatuma amakuru yoherezwa neza. Kugira ngo ikoranabuhanga rirusheho kuba ryiza,Fiber ya OM5 MultimodeIshyigikira uburebure bw'umurambararo kuva kuri 850 nm kugeza kuri 950 nm, bigatuma umubare w'amakuru wiyongera ndetse n'intera ndende hamwe n'umurambararo wa 28000 MHz * km. Ubu bushobozi butuma OM5 iba nziza ku bikoresho bisaba ko amakuru atangwa cyane.

Ibitekerezo ku ntera

Intera ni ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi mu guhitamo insinga ya fiber ikwiye. Intera ngufi akenshi ikwiranye n'ubwoko bwa fiber za kera nka OM1 na OM2, zishyigikira igipimo cy'amakuru kiringaniye mu ntera nke. Ariko, ku ntera ndende, fiber nshya nka OM3, OM4, na OM5 zitanga imikorere myiza.Fiber ya OM4 MultimodeIshyigikira igipimo cy'amakuru kugeza kuri 10 Gbps hejuru ya metero 550, bigatuma iba amahitamo yizewe ku bidukikije binini bya interineti.Fiber ya OM5 MultimodeYongera ubu bushobozi, itanga uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru neza mu ntera ndende bitewe n’imiterere yayo ya interineti. Mu gusuzuma ibisabwa mu ntera, ibigo bishobora guhitamo insinga ya fibre ikora neza kandi yizewe.

Gupima Ikiguzi n'Imikorere muri Multimode Fiber Cable

Guhitamo insinga ya fiber ikoresha uburyo bwinshi bukwiye bikubiyemo gusuzuma ikiguzi n'imikorere. Buri bwoko bw'insinga butanga ibyiza bitandukanye, kandi kubyumva bishobora gufasha mu gufata icyemezo gishingiye ku makuru.

Uburyo bwo kugabanya ikiguzi bw'ubwoko butandukanye

OM1 na OM2: Izi nsinga zitanga uburyo bworoshye ku miyoboro ifite ibisabwa biciriritse by'amakuru. Zikwiranye n'ahantu aho kohereza amakuru yihuta atari ngombwa cyane. Igiciro cyazo gito gituma zikurura abantu bagikoresha mu buryo buciriritse cyangwa mu buryo bwa kera.

OM3: Iyi nsinga itanga uburinganire hagati y’ikiguzi n’imikorere. Ishyigikira igipimo cy’amakuru kiri hejuru ndetse n’intera ndende kurusha OM1 na OM2. Imiryango ishaka kuvugurura ibikorwa remezo byayo idashoye imari ihagije ikunze guhitamo OM3.

OM4Nubwo bihenze kurusha OM3, OM4 itanga imikorere myiza. Ishyigikira bandwidth iri hejuru n'intera ndende, bigatuma ikwirakwira ku miyoboro minini. Ishoramari muri OM4 rishobora gutuma umuntu azigama igihe kirekire bitewe no kugabanya gukenera kuvugurura kenshi.

OM5: Iyi nsinga igaragaza iterambere rigezweho mu ikoranabuhanga rya fibre ya multimode. Ishyigikira uburebure bw'umuraba bwinshi, itanga imikorere myiza cyane. Nubwo ikiguzi cya mbere kiri hejuru, ubushobozi bwa OM5 bwo gukemura ibyifuzo by'amakuru mu gihe kizaza butuma iba amahitamo meza ku bigo bitekereza ku gihe kizaza.

Ibipimo by'Imikorere Bikwiye Gutekerezwaho

Ubugari bw'umuyoboro: Uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru buri hejuru butuma amakuru yoherezwa vuba. OM4 na OM5 birakomeye muri uru rwego, bishyigikira amahame agezweho yo gukoresha interineti. Gusuzuma uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru bukenewe bifasha mu guhitamo ubwoko bw'insinga bukwiye.
InteraIntera amakuru agomba kohererezwaho igira ingaruka ku guhitamo insinga. OM3 na OM4 bishyigikira intera ndende ugereranije na OM1 na OM2. Ku miyoboro minini, OM5 itanga imikorere myiza mu ntera ndende.
Igipimo cy'amakuru: Ubushobozi bw'umuyoboro w'amakuru bugena uburyo ukwiriye gukoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye. OM3 na OM4 bishyigikira umuvuduko w'amakuru kugeza kuri 10 Gbps, mu gihe OM5 ishobora guhangana n'umuvuduko wo hejuru kurushaho. Gusobanukirwa ibisabwa n'umuyoboro w'amakuru bitanga umusaruro mwiza.
Gushobora kwaguka: Gahunda zo kwagura umuyoboro w'itumanaho mu gihe kizaza zigomba kwitabwaho mu gufata icyemezo. Ubushobozi bwa OM5 bwo gukoresha umuyoboro munini butuma ihuzwa n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, bigatuma imiyoboro ikura irushaho kwaguka.

Mu gusuzuma neza ibi bintu, ibigo bishobora kugera ku buringanire hagati y’ikiguzi n’imikorere, bigatuma habaho ibikorwa remezo by’imiyoboro bihamye kandi bikora neza.

Guteza imbere umubano wawe w'ejo hazaza hamwe na Dowell

Mu isi y’ikoranabuhanga ririmo gutera imbere vuba, guharanira iterambere ry’ibikorwaremezo by’umuyoboro wawe mu gihe kizaza biba ingenzi. Dowell atanga ubumenyi ku buryo imiryango ishobora kwemeza ko imiyoboro yayo ikomeza kwaguka no guhuza n’ikoranabuhanga riri kuzamuka.

Gushobora kwaguka

Gupima ubushobozi bw'umuyoboro w'itumanaho (Scablingability) bivuga ubushobozi bw'umuyoboro w'itumanaho bwo gukura no kwihuza n'ibikenewe byiyongera. Uko ubucuruzi bwaguka, ibyo bukenera mu kohereza amakuru akenshi biriyongera. Insinga za multimode fiber, cyane cyane OM4 na OM5, zitanga ubushobozi bwo kwaguka neza. Izi nsinga zishyigikira igipimo cyo hejuru cy'amakuru n'intera ndende, bigatuma zikwiriye kwaguka kw'imiyoboro y'itumanaho.

1. Fibre ya OM4 Multimode: Iyi nsinga ishyigikira umuvuduko w'amakuru kugeza kuri 10 Gbps hejuru ya metero 550. Ubushobozi bwayo bwo kongera umuvuduko w'amakuru butuma iba nziza ku miyoboro minini iteganya iterambere. Imiryango ishobora kwishingikiriza kuri OM4 mu guhangana n'ubwiyongere bw'amakuru idahungabanyije imikorere.

2. Fibre ya OM5 Multimode: Yagenewe kwaguka mu gihe kizaza, OM5 ishyigikira uburebure bw'umuraba bwinshi, bigatuma amakuru asohoka cyane. Ubu bushobozi butuma imiyoboro ishobora kwakira ikoranabuhanga rishya n'ibikenewe cyane mu makuru. Imiterere ya OM5 ituma iba amahitamo yo gutekereza ku gihe kizaza ku bigo biteganya kwagura igihe kirekire.

Guhuza na Emerging Technologies

Guhuza ikoranabuhanga rishya bituma umuyoboro ukomeza kuba ingirakamaro kandi ukora neza. Uko ikoranabuhanga rishya rigenda ritera imbere, imiyoboro igomba guhinduka kugira ngo iwushyigikire. Insinga za fiber za multimode, cyane cyane OM5, zitanga uburyo buhuye n’ibyo zikeneye.

Fiber ya OM5 Multimode: Ubushobozi bw'iyi nsinga bwo gufata uburebure bwinshi bw'umuraba butuma ihuzwa n'ikoranabuhanga rishya. Ishyigikira porogaramu zisaba kohereza amakuru yihuta cyane, nka virtual reality na cloud computing. Mu guhitamo OM5, ibigo bishobora kwemeza ko imiyoboro yabyo izakomeza kumenyera iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga mu gihe kizaza.

Fiber ya OM4 MultimodeNubwo idateye imbere nka OM5, OM4 iracyatanga inyungu zikomeye zo guhuza. Ijyanye n'amahame agezweho yo guhuza, ishyigikira porogaramu nka 40GBASE-SR4 na 100GBASE-SR10. Uku guhuza kwemeza ko imiyoboro ikoresha OM4 ishobora guhuza ikoranabuhanga rishya mu buryo buboneye.

Mu kwibanda ku kwaguka no guhuza ibikorwa, ibigo bishobora kurinda imiyoboro yabyo mu gihe kizaza neza. Ubuhanga bwa Dowell mu miyoboro ya fiber ifite uburyo bwinshi butanga urufatiro rwo kubaka ibikorwa remezo by’imiyoboro biramba kandi bihindagurika.

Guhitamo insinga nziza ya fiber ifite uburyo bwinshi bikubiyemo gusobanukirwa ibyo umuyoboro ukeneye, guhuza ikiguzi n'imikorere, no guteganya iterambere ry'ejo hazaza. Buri bwoko bwa cable, kuva kuri OM1 kugeza kuri OM5, butanga inyungu zidasanzwe zijyanye n'ibikenewe bitandukanye by'umuyoboro. Gushora imari mu nsinga zikora neza nka OM4 na OM5 bishobora gutuma imiyoboro ikomeza gukora neza mu gihe kizaza, bigatuma habaho guhuza ikoranabuhanga rishya n'umuvuduko w'amakuru uri hejuru. Mu gusuzuma ibi bintu, imiryango ishobora kubaka ibikorwa remezo by'umuyoboro bikomeye kandi binoze bihura n'ibikenewe ubu kandi bigahuza n'iterambere ry'ejo hazaza.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ni iyihe nyungu y'ibanze yo gukoresha insinga za fiber za multimode?

Insinga za fibre za multimodebitanga igisubizo gihendutse cyo kohereza amakuru mu ntera ngufi. Bishyigikira inzira nyinshi z'urumuri, bigatuma amakuru yoherezwa neza. Ibi bituma aba meza mu bidukikije nko mu bigo by'amakuru n'imiyoboro y'amakuru yo mu gace runaka (LANs).

Nigute namenya ubwoko bukwiye bwa "multimode fiber cable" kuri network yanjye?

Kugira ngo uhitemo insinga ya fiber ikwiye, tekereza ku bintu nk'ibisabwa ku bushobozi bwo gukoresha umuyoboro wa internet, intera, n'uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza amakuru mu gihe kizaza.OM1 na OM2bihuye n'ibikenewe mu buryo buri hagati y'amakuru, mu giheOM3, OM4, na OM5bitanga umuyoboro munini w'itumanaho n'intera ndende, bigatuma biba byiza ku bikorwa bigoye cyane.

Kuki nkwiye gutekereza ku kuvugurura kuva kuri OM1 nkajya kuri fibre nshya za multimode?

Kuzamura kuva kuri OM1 ukajya kuri fibre nshya za multimode nka OM3 cyangwa OM4 bishobora kongera cyane imikorere ya network. Izi fibre nshya zishyigikira umubare munini w'amakuru n'intera ndende, ibyo bikaba bihuye n'amahame agezweho yo gukoresha internet ndetse n'ibikenewe mu gihe kizaza.

Ni irihe tandukaniro ry'ingenzi riri hagati y'insinga za OM4 na OM5 za fiber multimode?

OM4Ishyigikira igipimo cy'amakuru kugeza kuri 10 Gbps hejuru ya metero 550, bigatuma ikwiriye ahantu ho gukorera imbuga zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi.OM5Itanga ubushobozi bwa "wideband", bigatuma habaho uburebure bwinshi bw'umuraba no kohereza amakuru menshi. Ibi bituma OM5 iba nziza cyane ku bikoresho bisaba kohereza amakuru yihuta cyane mu ntera ndende.

Ni gute insinga za fiber za multimode zigira uruhare mu kurinda umuyoboro mu gihe kizaza?

Insinga za fibre nyinshi, cyane cyaneOM4 na OM5, bitanga ubushobozi bwo kwaguka no guhuza ikoranabuhanga rishya. Bishyigikira igipimo cy’amakuru kiri hejuru n’intera ndende, bigamije gutuma imiyoboro ishobora kumenyera ibyo isabwa mu gihe kizaza hatabayeho kuvugurura kenshi.

Ese insinga za fiber zo mu bwoko bwa multimode zishobora gukoreshwa mu gushyiramo ibikoresho byo hanze?

Nubwo insinga za fiber zo mu bwoko bwa multimode ziba nziza cyane mu bidukikije byo mu nzu, guhitamo insinga za fiber zo hanze zikwiye ni ingenzi kugira ngo imikorere myiza irusheho kuba myiza mu bidukikije bitandukanye. Tekereza ku bintu nko guhangana n’ikirere n’aho zishyirwa mu bikorwa mugihe uhitamo insinga zo hanze.

Ni uruhe ruhare bandwidth igira mu guhitamo insinga ya fiber ya multimode?

Ubugari bw'umuyoboro bugena ubushobozi bwo kohereza amakuru bwa insinga. Ubugari bw'umuyoboro bunini butuma kohereza amakuru byihuta.OM4 na OM5Indashyikirwa muri uru rwego, ishyigikira amahame agezweho yo gukoresha itumanaho no kwemeza ko itumanaho rishingiye ku makuru rikorwa neza.

Ese insinga za fiber za multimode zihuye n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho?

Yego, cyane cyaneFibre ya OM5 multimodeUbushobozi bwayo bwo gucunga uburebure bw'urumuri bwinshi butuma ihuzwa n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho nka virtual reality na cloud computing. Ibi bituma imiyoboro ikomeza kumenyera iterambere ry'ejo hazaza.

Ni gute kwita ku ntera bigira ingaruka ku guhitamo insinga ya fiber ya multimode?

Intera igira uruhare runini mu guhitamo insinga. Intera ngufi ikwiranye n'insinga zishaje nka OM1 na OM2, mu gihe insinga nshya nka OM3, OM4, na OM5 zitanga imikorere myiza mu ntera ndende. Gusuzuma ibisabwa kugira ngo harebwe imikorere myiza y'umuyoboro w'itumanaho.

Ni ibihe bintu ngomba gusuzuma mu gihe cyo kuringaniza ikiguzi n'imikorere ya za "multimode fiber cables"?

Tekereza ku byo umuyoboro wawe ukeneye byihariye, harimo uburyo bwo gukoresha interineti, intera, n'uburyo bwo kwaguka mu gihe kizaza.OM1 na OM2batanga amahitamo yorohereza ingengo y'imari ku bikenewe biringaniye, mu giheOM3, OM4, na OM5gutanga imikorere myiza ku bikorwa bigoye cyane. Gushyira hamwe ibi bintu bitanga umusaruro mwiza ku buryo ibikorwa remezo by’umuyoboro bihendutse kandi binoze.

Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 12-2024